Comparison Table

Consensus Models Compared

Dimension	PoW (Bitcoin)	PoS (Ethereum & others)	PoV — EDMA L2 (RWA-native)
Basis of trust	Computation (hash power)	Staked capital	Verified evidence of real-world events
Security anchor	Difficulty & energy cost	Slashing & validator sets	Multi-source verification + PoVGate + OneClaimLedger; Ethereum anchors finality
Who can participate	Miners with hardware & cheap power	Token holders/validators with capital	Any producer/trader with verifiable data (households, SMEs, corporates)
Energy usage	High	Low	Low
Capital intensity	Medium (hardware)	High (stake)	Low (evidence, not stake)
Throughput / fees	Low / high	Medium–high / lower	High / low — L2 tuned for RWA flows
Censorship resistance	Strong	Strong–medium	Strong; invalid without evidence, not opinion
Double-counting risk	Not addressed natively	Not addressed natively	Eliminated by OneClaimLedger (one claim → one asset)
Real-world linkage	None (by design)	Indirect (apps)	Native — settlement gated by verified reality
Primary attack surface	51% hash attack	Stake cartel / governance capture	Data forgery/corruption → mitigated via IoT attestations, registry cross-checks, satellite/AI oracles
Compliance & audit	Off-chain processes	App-level	Chain-level attestations; auditable proofs on-chain
Who “wins” structurally	Cheap energy miners	Large capital pools	Truthful producers & counterparties with valid evidence
Who’s excluded	Those without hardware/power	Those without stake	Bad actors; unverifiable claims
Best-fit use cases	Digital money, SoV	DeFi, general apps	Energy, carbon, commodity trade, logistics settlement
Examples	Bitcoin, Litecoin	Ethereum, Polygon	EDMA (PoV L2)

EDMA represents the next step in this evolution: the world’s first Layer 2 built natively for Real-World Assets, where settlement is not just secure or efficient, but verifiably tied to the physical world.